Works Cited and More

Primary Sources

The History Makers. “Adelaide Cromwell Oral History.” connect.liblynx.com, December 2004. https://da.thehistorymakers.org/storiesForBio.

University of Arkansas Press. “The Other Brahmins.” University of Arkansas Press, July 1995. https://www.uapress.com/product/the-other-brahmins/.

Secondary Sources

Barlow, Rich . “Adelaide Cromwell (Hon.’95), Founder of BU’s African American Studies Program, Dies at 99.” Boston University. BU Today, June 20, 2019. https://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/adelaide-cromwell-dies-99.

Cheung, Floyd. “Transformative Inclusion at Smith College.” Smith.edu. Smith College 150th Anniversary, March 25, 2025. https://www.smith.edu/news-events/news/transformative-inclusion-smith-college.

Familysearch.org. “Helen Maria Chesnutt,” 2015. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LTXQ-DWZ/helen-maria-chesnutt-1881-1969.

Fivecolleges.edu. “Otelia Cromwell (Class of 1900).” Five College Compass Digital Collections. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith:420.

Fivecolleges.edu. “Otelia Cromwell (Class of 1900) Sitting at a Desk.” Five College Compass Digital Collections. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/islandora/object/smith%3A419.

Foster, Pamela E. “Smith College’s First Black Students: Letter and Other Texts Illuminate Smith Journey of Charles W. Chesnutt’s Daughters Ethel and Helen, 1897-1901.” Google Docs, 2020. https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wTvmPAudkyVw9KuYiqFuNjLMacc1bRPolUbZxY4fPQU/htmlpresent.

Mink, Sarah. “Carrie Lee – Lighting the Way, Historic Women of the SouthCoast.” Lighting the Way, Historic Women of the SouthCoast – Profiles of Women of the SouthCoast, February 12, 2020. https://historicwomensouthcoast.org/carrie-lee/.

Smith.edu. “Speaking to Today: New Video Explores Life and Legacy of Otelia Cromwell.” Alum News, October 31, 2014. https://www.smith.edu/news-events/news/speaking-today-new-video-explores-life-and-legacy-otelia-cromwell.

Wikidata.org. “Ethel Chesnutt,” 2022. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57379123.

Yale.edu. “Otelia Cromwell Biography and Bibliography .” Women Faculty Forum, 2024. https://wff.yale.edu/otelia-cromwell-biography-and-bibliography.

Yale.edu. “Otelia Cromwell Shining Light on Truth: Early Black Students at Yale .” Yale University Library Online Exhibitions. Accessed May 8, 2025. https://onlineexhibits.library.yale.edu/s/early-black-yale-students/item/21151#?cv=&c=&m=&s=&xywh=-94%2C0%2C649%2C649.

Further Research

August I.C. Jenkins, Agus Surachman, and Marina Armendariz. “Where I’m Livin’ and How I’m Feelin’: Associations among Community Stress, Gender, and Mental-Emotional Health among Black Americans.” Social Science & Medicine 348 (May 1, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116763.

Butler-Barnes, Sheretta T., Seanna Leath, Amber Williams, Christy Byrd, Rona Carter, and Tabbye M. Chavous. “Promoting Resilience among African American Girls: Racial Identity as a Protective Factor.” Child Development 89, no. 6 (November 20, 2017): e552–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12995.

Fourtané, Susan. “Black Women in Higher Education: Navigating Cultural Adversity throughout the Centuries.” Fierce Network, April 23, 2021. https://www.fierce-network.com/administration/black-women-higher-education-navigating-cultural-adversity-throughout-centuries.

Jaschik, Scott. “‘Black Women in the Ivory Tower.’” Inside Higher Ed, June 20, 2007. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/06/21/black-women-ivory-tower.

Misra, Joya, Alexandra Kuvaeva, Kerryann O’meara, Dawn Kiyoe Culpepper, and Audrey Jaeger. “Gendered and Racialized Perceptions of Faculty Workloads.” Gender & Society 35, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 358–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211001387.

Smith Charles, Linda, and Martha Southgate. “To Be a Black Woman—Why We’re Telling Our Stories.” www.smith.edu. Alum News, April 15, 2019. https://www.smith.edu/news-events/news/be-black-woman-why-were-telling-our-stories.