Header Image Credit
Primary
Ancient Order of the Hibernians Records. College Archives, Smith College, Northampton, MA.
Gastellum, Melissa. “Girls Just Want to Have Fun: A Brief Overview of Two Secret Societies at Smith College,” December 12, 1989. CA-MS-01113. Box 1, Student Papers and Theses Collection, Smith College Archives, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Harwood, W. S. “Secret Societies in America.” The North American Review 164, no. 486 (1897): 617–24. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25118819.
Ku Klux Klan, 1907. Student Clubs and Organizations Records, Box 3004. 2. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Omega Society, 1910. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.4. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Orangemen. c1908-1936, 1986. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.4. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Phi Beta Kappa, 1972. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.4. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Piper, P. P. “Secret Societies in Women’s Colleges.” Harper’s Bazaar. New York, United States: Hearst Magazine Media, Inc, October 1901. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1914175811/abstract/D184397D7A8C4EA1PQ/1.
“President’s Reports,” 1896-1910. Office of the President Records, Volume 298. College Archives, CA-MS-01006, Smith College Archives, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts
Secret Societies, 1951. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.6. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Seelye, Laurenus Clark. The Early History of Smith College, 1871-1910. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin company, 1923. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001452501.
Smith College Associated News. Student publications and student publications records. College Archives, CA-MS-01049, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Smith College. “Class Books of Smith College.” 1894-1933. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/browse.php?field=subject&mediatype=texts&collection=smithcollege.
Smith College. Class of 1904 Class Book. 1904. Internet Archive. http://archive.org/details/class1904smit.
Smith College Class of 1905, “Senior members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, Smith College class book, 1905.” Smith Libraries Exhibits, accessed February 11, 2022, https://libex.smith.edu/omeka/items/show/361.
Smith College, Class of 1907 Class Book. 1907. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/class1907smit/page/n1/mode/2up. Note: Page 90 contains an illustration of a KKK hooded robe. I have chosen to not show this page or image here as to not recreate harm or give this image a platform on this website. It is publicly accessible and digitized on the Internet Archive site, should you choose to view it
Smith College Official Circulars, 1872-1889/1890. Smith College publications and publications records, Smith College Archives, CA-MS-01006, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts. https://archive.org/details/smithannu8990smit.
Smith College Weekly. Student publications and student publications records. College Archives, CA-MS-01049, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Thistle Club, 1930s. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.8. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Thistle Club-Tartan and Cap, undated. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.8. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts.
Secondary
Ancient Order of Hibernians Records, Box 3011.1. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00023, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/4/resources /145.
Archives and Manuscript Department. “Ladies Ancient Order of Hibernians Records.” John. J Burns Library, Boston College. https://library.bc.edu/finding-aids/MS2006-057-finding-aid.pdf.
“‘A Perennial Blessing’ : Celebrating Sophia Smith · Smith Libraries Exhibits.” Accessed March 2, 2022. https://libex.smith.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/smith-sophia.
BBC News. “Who Are the Orangemen?,” July 11, 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-18769781.
Clawson, Mary Ann. “Nineteenth-Century Women’s Auxiliaries and Fraternal Orders.” Signs 12, no. 1 (1986): 40–61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174356.
“College Serials before 1915 | Smith College Libraries.” Accessed March 7, 2022. https://libraries.smith.edu/special-collections/about/college-archives/research-guides/college-serials-1915.
Crane, Mackenzie. “The Tap: An Examination of the Controversy of Secret Societies on College Campuses.” M.Ed., University of South Carolina. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1686533113/abstract/D4670441DD84592PQ/1.
Cuomo, Rosalind S. “Very Special Circumstances :: Women’s Colleges and Women’s Friendships at the Turn of the Century.” University of Massachusetts, 1988.https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2566&context=theses.
Domagal, Jennifer. “Keeping Secrets: Student Secret Societies in Historical Context.” The Vermont Connection 23, no. 1 (2002). https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/tvc/vol23/iss1/6/?utm_source=scholarworks.uvm.edu%2Ftvc%2Fvol23%2Fiss1%2F6&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Dorn, Charles. “‘This Is to Be Our Profession-To Serve the World’: Women’s Higher Education in New England.” In For the Common Good: A New History of Higher Education in America, 133–50. American Institutions and Society. Cornell University Press, 2017.
Dyne, Susan Van. “‘Abracadabra’: Intimate Inventions by Early College Women in the United States.” Feminist Studies 42, no. 2 (2016): 280–310. https://doi.org/10.15767/feministstudies.42.2.0280.
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Freemasonry.” In Encyclopedia Brittanica. Accessed April 29, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Freemasonry.
Freedman, Estelle. “Separatism as Strategy: Female Institution Building and American Feminism, 1870-1930.” Feminist Studies 5, no. 3 (1979): 512–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/3177511.
Gordon, Linda. The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition. New York and London: Liveright, 2017.
Gordon, Sarah H. “Smith College Students: The First Ten Classes, 1879-1888.” History of Education Quarterly 15, no. 2 (1975): 147–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/367978.
Horowitz, Helen Lefknowitz. Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women’s Colleges from Their Nineteenth Century Beginnings to the 1930s. 2nd ed. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.
Ku Klux Klan, 1907. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.2. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/14802.
Laura Woolsey Lord Scales Papers. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00088, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/4/resources/392.
Lee, Mabel Barbee. “Censoring the Conduct of College Women.” The Atlantic, April 1, 1930. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1930/04/censoring-the-conduct-of-college-women/305844/.
McCalman, Kristy P. “The Whole Woman: The Idea of Higher Education for Women, c. 1860-1890, With Reference to Vassar, Smith and the New England College Tradition.” Smith College, 1996.
McCarthy, Tara M. “A Monumental Mission: The Ancient Order of Hibernians Women and the Construction of History, 1894–1918” 16 (2021): 3-23.
O’Beine Ranelagh, John and Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Ireland: History.” In Encyclopedia Brittanica. Accessed April 29, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland/Social-economic-and-cultural-life-in-the-17th-and-18th-centuries.
Olsen, Deborah M. “Remaking the Image: Promotional Literature of Mount Holyoke, Smith, and Wellesley Colleges in the Mid-to-Late 1940s.” History of Education Quarterly 40, no. 4 (2000): 418–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/369724.
Orangemen. c1908-1936, 1986. Student Clubs and Organizations records, Box 3004.4. Smith College Archives, CA-MS-00022, Smith College Special Collections, Northampton, Massachusetts. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/14825.
Rose, Richard M. “Diverging Paths: The Emergence of Secret Societies In Antebellum Georgia Colleges.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 70, no. 1 (1986): 47–62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40581466.
Schraeder, Meredith G. “The Formative Years of Women’s Colleges in America: The Question of Purpose.” University of Arkansas, 2006.
Scott, Susie. “Secret Societies and Fraternities.” In Total Institutions and Reinvented Identities, edited by Susie Scott, 116–41. Identity Studies in the Social Sciences. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230348608_6.
Smith College. “History & Tradition.” Accessed April 22, 2022, https://www.smith.edu/topics/history-tradition.
Smithipedia. “Secret Societies.” Accessed February 23, 2022. https://sites.smith.edu/blog/smithipedia/student-life/secret-societies/
Smith College. “Sophia Smith.” Accessed April 24, 2022. https://www.smith.edu/about-smith/smith-history/sophia-smith.
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America.” Signs 1, no. 1 (1975): 1–29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172964.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Catholic Emancipation: British and Irish History.” In Encyclopedia Brittanica, April 24, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Catholic-Emancipation.
Through the Hourglass: Past and Present. “Puzzling Out the Klan at Smith College.” Accessed April 14, 2022. https://www.throughthehourglass.com/2018/12/puzzling-out-klan-at-smith-college_12.html. Note: Source contains illustration of KKK.
Velocci, Ginina. “‘A Very Threatened and Nervous Group of People’ : Public Scrutiny of Sexuality at Smith College in Two Historical Moments.” Theses, Dissertations, and Projects, June 3, 2011. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/348.
Wein, Roberta. “Women’s Colleges and Domesticity, 1875-1918.” History of Education Quarterly 14, no. 1 (Spring 1974): 18.