{"id":311,"date":"2020-09-10T15:10:48","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T19:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/?p=311"},"modified":"2020-09-15T11:44:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T15:44:55","slug":"looking-through-the-windows-of-the-masters-house","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/issue-1\/looking-through-the-windows-of-the-masters-house\/","title":{"rendered":"Looking Through the Windows of the Master&#8217;s House"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000\"><em>Applying the ideas of Audre Lorde to the ballroom scene of Paris is Burning, Kali Adams aligns the struggles and aspirations of marginalized people in a thought-provoking and intersectional process that simultaneously pits them against themselves and explores the concept of what it means to be \u201cother.\u201d By questioning the very basis of the desire to belong to mainstream culture, she skillfully and respectfully assesses the development of a subversive and flawed social phenomenon. &#8211;Hyla Maddalena &#8217;21, Editorial Assistant<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Looking Through the Windows of the Master\u2019s House\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Kali Adams &#8217;23<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Audre Lorde, in addressing how we allow differences to define and divide us, made the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">claim that \u201cthe master\u2019s tools will never dismantle the master\u2019s house\u201d (Lorde 112); that the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">systems of an oppressive institution cannot be weaponized and used against the same institution. The ballroom scene of the 1980s, as demonstrated in the groundbreaking 1990 film <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris is Burning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, validates Lorde\u2019s statement by virtue of the ways in which it subverts societal standards and seeks to create a new \u201chouse\u201d for its participants, and by how the same scene ultimately undermines its own purpose. Within the confines of the ballroom, participants possess the potential to define and shape their community, but the power and appeal of normative standards that still manage to infiltrate the queer community create a culture that is caught between societal overhaul and conformity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_340\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-340\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"340\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/issue-1\/looking-through-the-windows-of-the-masters-house\/attachment\/audre-lorde1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2145,3172\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Audre-Lorde1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-203x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-692x1024.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-340 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-692x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"947\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-692x1024.jpg 692w, https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/Audre-Lorde1-768x1136.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-340\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.roosevelthouse.hunter.cuny.edu\/devdev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ Audre-Lorde1.jpg?fit=2145%2C3172<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to explore these ideas in relation to the ballroom scene, it is important to first\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">consider Lorde\u2019s definition of \u201cthe master\u2019s house\u201d and its significance. Speaking about the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">struggle that comes from existing as someone whose identity (in Lorde\u2019s case, as a black queer\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">woman) did not align with societal norms, Lorde explained, \u201cSurvival&#8230; is learning how to stand\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">alone, unpopular and sometimes reviled, and how to make common cause with those others\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">identified as outside the structures in order to define and seek a world in which we can all\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">flourish&#8230; For the master\u2019s tools will never dismantle the master\u2019s house\u201d (Lorde 112). In this\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">statement, Lorde was claiming that, in order to destroy institutions that oppress those who do not\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">adhere to their idea of normality, it is important to come together with those similarly oppressed\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to create a new institution based solely on the values of its creators. For her, \u201csurvival\u201d wasn\u2019t\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">about trying to reshape institutions in ways that would benefit those that they had previously\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">oppressed, but rather it was about working to shape entirely new institutions. While many still\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">believe in the power of changing the system from the inside, it is important to consider how deep\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the roots of most institutionalized oppression go. If one was to take the \u201cmaster\u2019s tools\u201d&#8211;the\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">same ideas, rhetoric or systems that had been used as a means of oppression&#8211;and try to utilize\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">them in their favor, the sole outcome would be a stronger institution because its values had been\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">reinforced in yet another iteration. Working inside the established societal boundaries will not\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">allow for exploration of new ways in which we can disrupt and overcome oppression, and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">therefore the method of utilizing Audre Lorde\u2019s \u201cmaster\u2019s tools\u201d will not allow us to create a world that gives its citizens a chance to define it for themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Defining \u201cCommon Cause\u201d<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ballroom culture explored in the film <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris is Burning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an example of a community\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that allowed its citizens to define the norms and structure of their spaces for themselves in ways\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that subverted the white, heteronormative standards of the time. The film looks into the New <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">York City ballroom scene of the 1980s, a scene that was dominated by queer African American\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and Latino youth. The ballroom itself centered around competitions where participants might\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">dance, model, vogue, or otherwise perform in categories that ranged anywhere from \u201cbest\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">dressed\u201d to \u201crealness,\u201d in which performers seemed to embody an identity they themselves did not possess.\u00a0 <\/span>But this community also extended far beyond the ballroom floor.<\/p>\n\n<div data-mode=\"normal\" data-provider=\"youtube\" id=\"arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w\" style=\"max-width:640px;\" class=\"arve\">\n\t<div class=\"arve-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"arve-embed arve-embed--has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"arve-ar\" style=\"padding-top:56.250000%\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<iframe allow=\"accelerometer &apos;none&apos;;autoplay &apos;none&apos;;bluetooth &apos;none&apos;;browsing-topics &apos;none&apos;;camera &apos;none&apos;;clipboard-read &apos;none&apos;;clipboard-write;display-capture &apos;none&apos;;encrypted-media &apos;none&apos;;gamepad &apos;none&apos;;geolocation &apos;none&apos;;gyroscope &apos;none&apos;;hid &apos;none&apos;;identity-credentials-get &apos;none&apos;;idle-detection &apos;none&apos;;keyboard-map &apos;none&apos;;local-fonts;magnetometer &apos;none&apos;;microphone &apos;none&apos;;midi &apos;none&apos;;otp-credentials &apos;none&apos;;payment &apos;none&apos;;picture-in-picture;publickey-credentials-create &apos;none&apos;;publickey-credentials-get &apos;none&apos;;screen-wake-lock &apos;none&apos;;serial &apos;none&apos;;summarizer &apos;none&apos;;sync-xhr;usb &apos;none&apos;;web-share;window-management &apos;none&apos;;xr-spatial-tracking &apos;none&apos;;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" class=\"arve-iframe fitvidsignore\" credentialless data-arve=\"arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w\" data-lenis-prevent=\"\" data-src-no-ap=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;autohide=1&amp;playsinline=0&amp;start=358&amp;amp;end=422&amp;autoplay=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"360\" loading=\"lazy\" name=\"\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-presentation allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&#038;modestbranding=1&#038;rel=0&#038;autohide=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;start=358&#038;end=422&#038;autoplay=0\" title=\"\" width=\"640\"><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"http:\\\/\\\/schema.org\\\/\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.smith.edu\\\/smithwrites\\\/issue-1\\\/looking-through-the-windows-of-the-masters-house\\\/#arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w\",\"type\":\"VideoObject\",\"embedURL\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\\\/embed\\\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&modestbranding=1&rel=0&autohide=1&playsinline=0&start=358&amp;end=422&autoplay=0\"}<\/script>\n\t\n<\/div>\n<p>As seen in <i>Paris is\u00a0<\/i><i>Burning<\/i>, most of the ballroom attendees and performers were queer youth who had been kicked\u00a0out of their homes for being LGBTQ, a circumstance that led to the establishment of another\u00a0significant part of ballroom culture: the houses. The houses served as surrogate families, giving\u00a0the youth a better shot at survival (since the other option was often simply living on the streets),\u00a0and they also gave individuals a space to live without fear of the repercussions one might face as\u00a0an out queer individual. Since this system of found families fully subverted the heteronormative\u00a0notion of nuclear families, the community centered around the ballrooms avoided using the\u00a0\u201cmaster\u2019s tools\u201d in order to create structure within their developing society. By choosing to\u00a0redefine social structures in ways that elicited greater openness and acceptance than those found\u00a0in the \u201cmaster\u2019s house,\u201d these ballroom spaces literally create a new kind of \u201chouse\u201d while epitomizing Lorde\u2019s idea of finding \u201ccommon cause with those others identified as outside the structures.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4><b>Performance and Presentation<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But the ballroom scene also embodies Lorde\u2019s claim that \u201cthe master\u2019s tools will never\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">dismantle the master\u2019s house\u201d in more than one way. While the ballroom scene may seem\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">removed from the pressures and expectations of mainstream society, the lines between the two\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">worlds are far from definite. As previously mentioned, an important part of the ballroom scene\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was the performance of \u201crealness,\u201d in which the performers would try to emulate an archetype of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">heteronormative life&#8211;the businessman, the movie star, and likewise&#8211;with the goal of being able to \u201cpass\u201d as this persona.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the beginning of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris is Burning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, some of the queens explain how the performance of \u201crealness\u201d allows them to fulfill their desire to fit into conventional society, to temporarily live up to the ideas of success that were being expressed in mainstream media. The appeal of fitting into the ideals of the dominant culture is undeniably strong, especially when considering the fact that most of the youth of the ballroom were just leaving the world in which\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">they had been discriminated against and oppressed, and entering another that was ready to fully accept them as they were. When one grows up trying to reach unattainable standards, it is hard to shake those ideals, even after finally entering a space that allows you to exist simply as you are.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n<div data-mode=\"normal\" data-provider=\"youtube\" id=\"arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w-2\" style=\"max-width:640px;\" class=\"arve\">\n\t<div class=\"arve-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"arve-embed arve-embed--has-aspect-ratio\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"arve-ar\" style=\"padding-top:56.250000%\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<iframe allow=\"accelerometer &apos;none&apos;;autoplay &apos;none&apos;;bluetooth &apos;none&apos;;browsing-topics &apos;none&apos;;camera &apos;none&apos;;clipboard-read &apos;none&apos;;clipboard-write;display-capture &apos;none&apos;;encrypted-media &apos;none&apos;;gamepad &apos;none&apos;;geolocation &apos;none&apos;;gyroscope &apos;none&apos;;hid &apos;none&apos;;identity-credentials-get &apos;none&apos;;idle-detection &apos;none&apos;;keyboard-map &apos;none&apos;;local-fonts;magnetometer &apos;none&apos;;microphone &apos;none&apos;;midi &apos;none&apos;;otp-credentials &apos;none&apos;;payment &apos;none&apos;;picture-in-picture;publickey-credentials-create &apos;none&apos;;publickey-credentials-get &apos;none&apos;;screen-wake-lock &apos;none&apos;;serial &apos;none&apos;;summarizer &apos;none&apos;;sync-xhr;usb &apos;none&apos;;web-share;window-management &apos;none&apos;;xr-spatial-tracking &apos;none&apos;;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" class=\"arve-iframe fitvidsignore\" credentialless data-arve=\"arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w-2\" data-lenis-prevent=\"\" data-src-no-ap=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;autohide=1&amp;playsinline=0&amp;start=1083&amp;amp;end=1148&amp;autoplay=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"360\" loading=\"lazy\" name=\"\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-presentation allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&#038;modestbranding=1&#038;rel=0&#038;autohide=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;start=1083&#038;end=1148&#038;autoplay=0\" title=\"\" width=\"640\"><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\n\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"http:\\\/\\\/schema.org\\\/\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.smith.edu\\\/smithwrites\\\/issue-1\\\/looking-through-the-windows-of-the-masters-house\\\/#arve-youtube-yne6nv3-l1w-2\",\"type\":\"VideoObject\",\"embedURL\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\\\/embed\\\/yNE6nv3-l1w?iv_load_policy=3&modestbranding=1&rel=0&autohide=1&playsinline=0&start=1083&amp;end=1148&autoplay=0\"}<\/script>\n\t\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding the conditions which \u201crealness\u201d was born from makes it easier to understand why those in the ballroom scene would go to great lengths to replicate the very culture that oppressed them. The categories of \u201crealness\u201d all obviously uphold many ideas important to heteronormative culture&#8211;perhaps the most problematic being the idea of a gender binary&#8211;and ultimately erase minorities, which seems to put the practice at odds with the purpose of these queer communities. As Phillip Brian Harper writes in his essay about the film, \u201cThe critical difference between normative subjects and those produced in the enactment of Realness is that the former are discursively constituted as recognizable within the governing social structure and thus are legitimated in a way that the latter are not\u201d (Harper 43). In other words, the practice of \u201crealness\u201d works exactly as a way of letting the \u201cmaster\u2019s tools\u201d enter and control a space that is otherwise perceived to be outside of the \u201cmaster\u2019s house.\u201d The desire to be accepted by the dominant culture&#8211;to be allowed a place in the \u201cmaster\u2019s house\u201d&#8211;is not an unreasonable wish. But by allowing this desire to infiltrate the ballroom scene, the space becomes corrupted by the master\u2019s rules and can no longer be seen as a space with a \u201ccommon cause\u201d as defined by Lorde&#8211;a space wholly unconnected to the structures of conventional society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The performance of \u201crealness\u201d also further perpetuates an act that LGBTQ individuals\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">often have to execute daily in order to survive, but this performance is happening in a space that\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is supposed to exist outside of these expectations. Beyond the ballroom scene, its individuals\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">must choose whether or not to conform to the rules of the \u201cmaster\u2019s house\u201d in terms of\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">presentation, a choice that contributes directly to their ability to earn a livelihood or maintain\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">relationships with those that they are not out to. As explained by Dorian Corey, one of the queens\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">featured in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris is Burning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u201cThey give the society what they want to see, where they wouldn\u2019t\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">be questioned, rather than have to go through prejudices about your life and your lifestyle\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). In the world outside of the ballroom, performances of \u201crealness\u201d are no longer just\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that&#8211;performances. Outside of the ballroom, a bad \u201cperformance\u201d puts the individual at\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tremendous risk, with the worst potential outcome being death, as seen in the case of Venus\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Xtravaganza, a performer who was brutally murdered when her identity as a trans woman was\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">discovered (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>A New Kind of \u201cHouse\u201d<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is undeniable that the performance of \u201crealness\u201d will have a role in the LGBTQ community as long as there is a heteronormative society to contrast and constrain it, but the question is whether there should be a place for this performance within spaces like the ballroom that have been established as safe. According to Lorde\u2019s argument, there is not a place for the performance of \u201crealness\u201d in the ballroom scene because it is a \u201cmaster\u2019s tool,\u201d a way in which heteronormative society forces minority groups to sacrifice their identities in order to simply exist. While establishing a community that fulfills every aspect of Lorde\u2019s argument may be a greater achievement than what the queens of the ballroom intended, the ability of heternormative ideals to exert their strength in the ballroom setting does ultimately constrain the potential of the ballroom to allow its members complete and absolute freedom to express themselves . Even if the queens do not see the ballroom space as a place of political subversion, this scene cannot be expected to thrive while it allows ideas and stereotypes that originated in the \u201cmaster\u2019s house\u201d into the culture it is trying to establish.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the ballroom scene of the 1980s should ultimately be recognized for its\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">contributions to modern LGBTQ life, it is important to recognize the duality of its existence. It\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">successfully established a welcoming community for individuals who otherwise faced\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">discrimination and oppression in the \u201cmaster\u2019s house,\u201d but its community was also not yet strong\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">enough to fully escape the power of societal conventions. In accordance with Lorde\u2019s argument,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the ballroom scene held the potential for political subversion because of how it established a\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201ccommon cause\u201d for an otherwise socially outcast group, but the perceived appeal of conforming\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">made it much harder for its members to successfully lean into the fact that they would continue\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to be \u201cunpopular and sometimes reviled\u201d by mainstream society. Caught between these two\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ideals, the ballroom culture of the 1980s perhaps did not exert as much political force as it had\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the potential to, and yet, despite the ways in which it undermined itself, the endurance and power of the community that it managed to establish speaks to the validity of Lorde\u2019s argument. In that case, the greatest achievement of the ballroom scene could be seen in the potential for true social upheaval if one could discard all systems belonging to the master and ultimately construct a new \u201chouse.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Works Cited<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harper, Phillip Brian. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Private Affairs: Critical Ventures in the Culture of Social Relations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. New\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">York, New York UP, 1999.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lorde, Audre. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. New York, Random House US, 2012.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Is Burning<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Dir. Jennie Livingston. Prod. Jennie Livingston and Barry Swimar. Off White\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Productions, 1990.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Applying the ideas of Audre Lorde to the ballroom scene of Paris is Burning, Kali Adams aligns the struggles and aspirations of marginalized people in a thought-provoking and intersectional process that simultaneously pits them against themselves and explores the concept of what it means to be \u201cother.\u201d By questioning the very basis of the desire [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":231,"featured_media":312,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[11],"class_list":["post-311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-issue-1","tag-literary-analysis"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/368\/2020\/08\/paris-is-burning.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/231"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":406,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions\/406"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.smith.edu\/smithwrites\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}