People often think of music as something that needs to be deeply analyzed to be fully appreciated, yet some compositions prove that pure emotion can be just as powerful—if not more so—than interpretation. In Against Interpretation, Susan Sontag criticizes the way modern art criticism tends to focus too much on analysis, arguing that over-analysis takes away from the experience of art itself. She believes that art should be experienced sensually rather than dissected for hidden meanings. As Sontag states, “None of us can ever retrieve that innocence before all theory when art knows no need to justify itself” (3). Classical music, particularly the works of John Philip Sousa, provides a compelling case for her argument. Unlike classical symphonies, Sousa’s marches are immediately engaging and emotionally evocative without requiring deep interpretation. Sousa’s music serves as a reminder that some of the most powerful artistic experiences come not from analysis but from the unfiltered emotions they evoke—proving that sometimes, the best way to appreciate art is simply to feel it.
John Philip Sousa’s music, with its energetic rhythms and melodies, demonstrates that the value of art lies in its emotional impact rather than its interpretation. Rather than requiring careful study, Sousa’s music allows listeners to immediately feel its energy and excitement. As the leader of the United States Marine Band, Sousa revolutionized the performance of military and patriotic music, shaping American musical identity. The ability of Sousa’s compositions to connect with audiences highlights the idea that music, at its core, is an emotional experience rather than an intellectual puzzle.
Sousa’s marches, such as The Stars and Stripes Forever, are built to spark strong emotions with their bold melodies and energetic rhythms. Unlike classical orchestral works that invite complex harmonic and thematic analysis, Sousa’s compositions immediately resonate with audiences through their clear, uplifting tones. Additionally, Sousa’s compositions were often performed in parades and public gatherings. The communal aspect of these performances reinforced the idea that music is meant to be felt collectively, rather than understood individually through study and analysis. The energy of a Sousa march is infectious, bringing people together in shared excitement, much like Sontag’s idea that “real art has the capacity to make us nervous” (5). Both excitement and nervousness are from increased anticipation and a strong emotional state. Sousa’s marches’ driving rhythms and brass fanfares engage listeners in a way that mirrors the tension and exhilaration of experiencing art. The repetitive melodies and steady percussive beats build momentum, much like the buildup of nervous energy before a climactic moment. In this way, Sousa’s marches capture the excitement and nervousness, showing how both emotions emerge from the energy and sense of anticipation. Rather than requiring analysis, Sousa’s compositions speak directly to the senses. This ability to connect with audiences on a purely emotional level highlights the enduring appeal of his music.
Another reason Sousa’s music aligns with Sontag’s argument is that it has no music background required for audiences to appreciate it. His compositions use straightforward melodic and rhythmic structures that convey meaning through sound alone. Many listeners, regardless of musical background, can immediately understand Sousa’s marches. In contrast, classical symphonies often require extensive program notes and theoretical study, whereas Sousa’s marches need no explanation to be enjoyed. The accessibility of his music ensures that it can be appreciated by anyone, regardless of education or familiarity with music theory or composition. This quality stands in contrast to classical compositions that require knowledge of form, key changes, and counterpoint to be fully understood. Unlike classical orchestras, military bands focus on strong, clear brass and percussion, emphasizing power and clarity over complexity. Sousa’s compositions were designed to be played outdoors and in large public settings, making their impact immediate and accessible to all listeners. The sound of a military band, with its commanding trumpets and steady drum cadences, is meant to inspire and energize, reinforcing the idea that music can be experienced as a physical sensation rather than a theoretical construct.
Sontag’s discussion of the tank in The Silence provides a parallel to Sousa’s music. She states, “Taken as a brute object, as an immediate sensory equivalent for the mysterious abrupt armored happenings going on inside the hotel, that sequence with the tank is the most striking moment in the film” (7). Likewise, Sousa’s military marches function as a direct, unfiltered force. The military band format ensures that Sousa’s music is experienced on a sensory level. Just as the tank in The Silence creates impact without needing symbolic interpretation, Sousa’s music achieves its effect through its direct and powerful presence. The comparison underscores how certain artistic experiences are meant to be absorbed as they are, rather than dissected for deeper meaning.
Over-analyzing music can weaken its ability to connect with audiences on an emotional level. Music’s key signature, articulation markings, and dynamic instructions can provide structural guidance on music score, but they cannot fully capture the exhilaration of a live performance. Sousa’s music, like many forms of art, is most powerful when experienced rather than dissected. If interpretation continues to dominate artistic discourse, we risk weakening the raw emotional power that makes art truly meaningful. As Sontag states, “In place of a hermeneutics we need an erotics of art” (10). Future conversations about music and art should emphasize direct engagement over intellectual analysis. By focusing too much on analysis, critics and scholars may lose sight of the fundamental reason art exists—to create an emotional connection between the creator and the audience.
Furthermore, Sousa’s compositions were often associated with patriotism, national pride, and the collective spirit of a marching band. His works were performed in public spaces, military events, and national celebrations, reinforcing their function as a shared experience. Unlike symphonic works that are often confined to concert halls, Sousa’s music was meant to be played for and with the public. The predictability of his marches is not a flaw but a strength, as it fosters an immediate connection between the performer and the listener. Rather than requiring an advanced understanding of music theory, Sousa’s compositions speak to listeners through their energy and movement, reinforcing the idea that the essence of music lies in its emotional and sensory power. By appreciating music in this way, audiences can free themselves from the constraints of over-interpretation and fully experience the joy and excitement that Sousa’s compositions bring.
The Stars and Stripes Forever (1896): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRQWP-TL4gk